Ethically Treating PTSD Resulting from Terrorism and other Traumas

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Bailey, R., Dugard, J., Smith, S. F., & Porges, S. W. (2023). Appeasement: replacing Stockholm syndrome as a definition of a survival strategy. European journal of psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2161038. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2161038

Gottfredson, R. K., & Becker, W. J. (2023). How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1067509. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067509

Hall, J., & Werner, K. (2022). Trauma and Trust: How War Exposure Shapes Social and Institutional Trust Among Refugees. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 786838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786838

Hong, J., & Park, J. H. (2022). Efficacy of Neuro-Feedback Training for PTSD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(20), 13096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013096

Lígeois A. (2023). Ethics of assertive care in mental health: A gradual concept. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1083176. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083176

Manuel, J., Rudolph, L., Beissner, F., Neubert, T. A., Dusch, M., & Karst, M. (2023). Traumatic Events, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain Patients of a German University Outpatient Pain Clinic. Psychosomatic medicine, 85(4), 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001181

Topino, E., & Gori, A. (2023). Data showing that post-traumatic stress symptoms and defense mechanisms change based on perceived stress levels: A multivariate analysis of variance approach during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data in brief, 48, 109298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109298

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Beck, J. G., Reich, C. M., Woodward, M. J., Olsen, S. A., Jones, J. M., & Patton, S. C. (2015). How do negative emotions relate to dysfunctional posttrauma cognitions? An examination of interpersonal trauma survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(1), 3–10. 

Byllesby, B. M., Durham, T. A., Forbes, D., Armour, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). An investigation of PTSD's core dimensions and relations with anxiety and depression. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(2), 214–217.

Carsky, M. (2020). How treatment arrangements enhance transference analysis in transference-focused psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Psychology. Advance online publication. 

DeTore, N. R., Gottlieb, J. D., & Mueser, K. T. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of PTSD in first episode psychosis: Findings from the RAISE-ETP study. Psychological Services, 18(2), 147–153.

Eagle, G., Benn, M., Fletcher, T., & Sibisi, H. (2013). Engaging with intergroup prejudice in victims of violent crime/attack. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 19(3), 240–252. 

Finlay, L. D. (2015). Evidence-based trauma treatment: Problems with a cognitive reappraisal of guilt. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35(4), 220–229. 

Gil, S., & Weinberg, M. (2015). Coping strategies and internal resources of dispositional optimism and mastery as predictors of traumatic exposure and of PTSD symptoms: A prospective study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(4), 405–411.

Glad, K. A., Hafstad, G. S., Jensen, T. K., & Dyb, G. (2017). A longitudinal study of psychological distress and exposure to trauma reminders after terrorism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(Suppl 1), 145–152. 

Gonzalez, O. I., Novaco, R. W., Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2016). Anger intensification with combat-related PTSD and depression comorbidity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(1), 9–16.

Groff, E. C., Ruzek, J. I., Bongar, B., & Cordova, M. J. (2016). Social constraints, loss-related factors, depression, and posttraumatic stress in a treatment-seeking suicide bereaved sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(6), 657–660.

Grych, J., & Hamby, S. (2014). Advancing the measurement of violence: Challenges and opportunities. Psychology of Violence, 4(4), 363–368. 

Hasselle, A. J., Howell, K. H., Bottomley, J., Sheddan, H. C., Capers, J. M., & Miller-Graff, L. E. (2020). Barriers to intervention engagement among women experiencing intimate partner violence proximal to pregnancy. Psychology of Violence, 10(3), 290–299. 

Haynes, W. C., Van Tongeren, D. R., Aten, J., Davis, E. B., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Boan, D., & Johnson, T. (2017). The meaning as a buffer hypothesis: Spiritual meaning attenuates the effect of disaster-related resource loss on posttraumatic stress. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 446–453.

Himmerich, S. J., Ellis, R. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2020). Application of PTSD alcohol expectancy symptom clusters to the four-dimensional model of PTSD: Support from moderations of the association between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and alcohol use. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 347–355.

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., McElroy, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2021). Does requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? Implications for DSM–5. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 133–141.

Kaufman, J. S., Allbaugh, L. J., & Wright, M. O. (2018). Relational wellbeing following traumatic interpersonal events and challenges to core beliefs. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(1), 103–111.

Krahé, B., & Busching, R. (2015). Breaking the vicious cycle of media violence use and aggression: A test of intervention effects over 30 months. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 217–226.

Larsen, S. E., Fleming, C. J. E., & Resick, P. A. (2019). Residual symptoms following empirically supported treatment for PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 207–215.

Levy, K. N., & Scala, J. W. (2012). Transference, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 391–403. 

Macdonald, A., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Wagner, A. C., Fredman, S. J., & Monson, C. M. (2016). Cognitive–behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD improves various PTSD symptoms and trauma-related cognitions: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(1), 157–162. 

McGuire, A. P., Frankfurt, S. B., Anderson, L. M., & Connolly, K. M. (2020). Pre- to posttreatment changes in trauma-cued negative emotion mediate improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and impulsivity. Traumatology, 26(4), 455–462.

Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2018). Correlation of the Stockholm syndrome and early maladaptive schemas among Lebanese women victims of beating into domestic/marital violence. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 7(3-4), 171–182.

Palgi, Y., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2021). Can subjective perceptions of trauma differentiate between ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? A cross-cultural comparison of three African countries. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 142–148.

Platt, M., & Freyd, J. (2012). Trauma and negative underlying assumptions in feelings of shame: An exploratory study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(4), 370–378. 

Robison, M. K., Miller, A. L., & Unsworth, N. (2018). Individual differences in working memory capacity and filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(7), 1038–1053. 

Sakamoto, M. S., Delano-Wood, L., Schiehser, D. M., & Merritt, V. C. (2021). Predicting veteran health-related quality of life following mild traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology.

Salcioglu, E., Urhan, S., Pirinccioglu, T., & Aydin, S. (2017). Anticipatory fear and helplessness predict PTSD and depression in domestic violence survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 117–125.

Saltzman, L. Y. (2019). It’s about time: Reconceptualizing the role of time in loss and trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 663–670.

Seirmarco, G., Neria, Y., Insel, B., Kiper, D., Doruk, A., Gross, R., & Litz, B. (2012). Religiosity and mental health: Changes in religious beliefs, complicated grief, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 10–18. 

Shubs, C. H. (2008). Transference issues concerning victims of violent crime and other traumatic incidents of adulthood. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 122–141.

Sierra-Siegert, M., & Jay, E.-L. (2020). Reducing oneself to a body, a thought, or an emotion: A measure of identification with mind contents. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 218–237.

Stenius, J., Knekt, P., Heinonen, E., Holma, J., Antikainen, R., & Lindfors, O. (2021). Predicting the working alliance over the course of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index, self-reported defense style, and performance-based intelligence: An evaluation of three methodological approaches. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 38(1), 58–67.

Stuart, G. L., McGeary, J., Shorey, R. C., & Knopik, V. S. (2016). Genetics moderate alcohol and intimate partner violence treatment outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of hazardous drinking men in batterer intervention programs: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(7), 592–598.

Taylor, S., Charura, D., Williams, G., Shaw, M., Allan, J., Cohen, E., Meth, F., & O'Dwyer, L. (2020). Loss, grief, and growth: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of experiences of trauma in asylum seekers and refugees. Traumatology. Advance online publication. 

Veira, Y., Finger, B., Schuetze, P., Colder, C. R., Godleski, S., & Eiden, R. D. (2014). Child behavior problems: Role of cocaine use, parenting, and child exposure to violence. Psychology of Violence, 4(3), 266–280. 

Wendt, M., Luna-Rodriguez, A., & Jacobsen, T. (2012). Conflict-induced perceptual filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 675–686. 

Additional References:
Abramson, M. Reflections on knowing oneself ethically: Toward a working framework for social work practice. Families in Society, 1996a, 77(4), 195202.

AbuRas, Wahiba; AbuBader, Soleman H. Risk Factors for Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The Case of Arab and Muslim Americans Post9/11. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies. Dec. 2009. Vol. 7. Issue 4. p 393 419

American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2015, January 1). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.aamft.org/iMIS15/AAMFT/Content/Legal_Ethics/Code_of_Ethics.aspx

American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014acacodeofethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

American Psychological Association (APA). (2017, January 1). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code

Barker, R. L. (1998). Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Rankin, Mary, JD employed by the Healthcare Training Institute to research and write the article Evolution of Social Work Ethics. Edited by Tracy Appleton, LCSW. The reference Barker, Robert L. Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare. Washington, DC NASW Press, 1998

Bemecker, Samantha L. Helping Clients Help Themselves: Managing Ethical Concerns When Offering Guided SelfHelp Interventions in Psychotherapy Practice. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice. Apr2014, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p111119.

Bergner, Raymond M. PhD, Pathological SelfCriticism Assessment and Treatment. Plenum Press, New York, 1999.

Bishop, Melanie; Rosenstein, David; Bakelaar, Susanne; Seedat, Soraya. An analysis of early developmental trauma in social anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2014, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p124.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Caring for Your Child’s Concussion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. S.W. Washington, D.C., p. 14.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). CDC Pediatric TBI Guideline Checklist, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. S.W.Washington, D.C., p. 1.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). How Can I Help My Child Recover After a Concussion?, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. S.W. Washington, D.C., p. 14.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Report to Congress: The Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention. Atlanta, GA, p. 190.

Congressional Budget Office, The Veterans Health Administration’s Treatment of PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury Among Recent Combat Veterans, Congres of the United States Congressional Budget Office, February 2012, p152.

Deits, Bob PhD. Life After Loss. Fisher Books, Tucson, 1998.

Drožđek, Boris; Kamperman, Astrid M.; Tol, Wietse A.; Knipscheer, Jeroen W.; Kleber, Rolf J. SevenYear FollowUp Study of Symptoms in Asylum Seekers and Refugees With PTSD Treated With TraumaFocused Groups Journal of Clinical Psychology. Apr2014, Vol. 70 Issue 4, p376387.

Freedman, Lawrence Zelic PhD. Perspectives on Terrorism. Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, 1997.

Helge, Ph.D., Doris. Transforming Pain Into Power. Shimoda Publishing, Bellingham, 1999.

Henderson, Kathryn L. Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse: Considerations and Guidelines for Mental Health Counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Oct2013, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p296309.

Kaitz, Marsha; Levy, Mindy; Ebstein, Richard; Faraone, Stephen V.; Mankuta, David. The intergenerational effects of trauma from terror: A real possibility. Infant Mental Health Journal. April 2009. Vol. 30. Issue 2. p 158 170.

Kaminer, D., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 4(2), 121–125.

Kangas, Julie L.; Calvert, James D. Ethical Issues in Mental Health Background Checks for Firearm Ownership. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice. Feb2014, Vol. 45 Issue 1, p7683.

Kip, Kevin E.; Rosenzweig, Laney; Hernandez, Diego F.; Shuman, Amy; Sullivan, Kelly L.; Long, Christopher J.; Taylor, James; McGhee, Stephen; Girling, Sue Ann; Wittenberg, Trudy; Sahebzamani, Frances M.; Lengacher, Cécile A.; Kadel, Rajendra; Diamond, David M. Randomized Controlled Trial of Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for Symptoms of CombatRelated PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Military Medicine. Dec2013, Vol. 178 Issue 12, p12981309.

Kressel, Neil J. PhD, Mass Hate The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror. Plenum Press, New York, 2000.

Litt, Lisa. Clinical Decision Making in the Treatment of Complex PTSD and Substance Misuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology. May2013, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p534542.

Loewenberg, F. M., & Dolgoff, R. & Harrington, D. Ethical decisions for social work practice. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock., 2000.

Matsakis, Ph.D., Aphrodite. Trust After Trauma. New Harbinger Publications, Oakland, 1998.

Mitchell, J.T.(1998) MA. When disaster strikes....the critical incident stress debriefing process. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 8. (1), 3639.

Mitchell, J.T. PhD, and Everly, G.S.(1997). Scientific evidence for CISM. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 22, 8793

Moe, Cathrine; Kvig, Erling I; Brinchmann, Beate; Brinchmann, Berit S. Working behind the scenes’ An ethical view of mental health nursing and firstepisode psychosis. Nursing Ethics. Aug2013, Vol. 20 Issue 5, p517527.

National Association of Social Workers. (2017). NASW Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/CodeofEthics/CodeofEthicsEnglish

National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. (2023, May). NBCC Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://nbcc.org/assets/Ethics/NBCCCodeofEthics.pdf?_zs=KjseE1&_zl=Jlq77

National Center for PTSD. (February 2019). Novel interventions address comorbid symptoms of PTSD and TBI in Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. NW Washington DC, p. 14.

Neria, Y., DiGrande, L., & Adams, B. G. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: a review of the literature among highly exposed populations. The American psychologist, 66(6), 429–446. doi:10.1037/a0024791.

Nickerson, Angela; Liddell, Belinda J.; Maccallum, Fiona; Steel, Zachary; Silove, Derrick; Bryant, Richard A. Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry. 2014, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p119.

O'Hare, Thomas; Sherrer, Margaret V.  Lifetime Traumatic Events and HighRisk Behaviors as Predictors of PTSD Symptoms in People with Severe Mental Illnesses. Social Work Research. Dec. 12. Vol. 33. Issue 4. p 209219

Pennebaker, Ph.D., James W. Opening Up The Healing Power of Confiding in Others. W. Morrow and Company, Inc., New York, 1999.

Reamer, F. G. The social work ethics audit: A riskmanagement strategy. Social Work, 2000, 45(4), 355366.

Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Ethics Casebook: Cases and Commentary. Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2009

Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Malpractice and Liability: Strategies for Prevention, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003)

Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Values and Ethics, 3rd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006)

Reamer, Frederic G., Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Review of the NASW Code of Ethics, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2006)

Reamer, Frederic G., The Social Work Ethics Audit: A Riskmanagement Tool (Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2001)

Reamer, Frederic G., Tangled Relationships: Managing Boundaries in the Human Services (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)

Reamer, Frederic G., Ethics Education in Social Work (Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2001)

Rothstein, Mark A., Tarasoff Duties after Newtown, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. Spring2014, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p104109.

Rubin, Barry PhD. Terrorism and Politics. St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1997.

Simon, Jeffrey D PhD,. The Terrorist Trap. Indiana University Press, 1998.

Somer, Prof., Dr. Tarik. International Terrorism and the Drug Connection. Ankara University Press, Ankara, 2002.

Stamm, Ph.D., B. Hudnall. Secondary Traumatic Stress. Sidran Press, Lutherville, 1999.

White, Jonathan R. PhD, Terrorism: an Introduction. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, 2003.

Whittaker, David J. PhD, The Terrorism Reader. Routledge, New York, 2001.

Wieviorka, Michel PhD. The Making of Terrorism. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997.

Wilkinson, Paul PhD. Terrorism and Political Violence Volume 11. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1999.