Finkeihor
and Browne (1986) described traumatic sexualization as the shaping of a child's
sexual feelings and attitudes in a manner inappropriate for the child's level
of development. For example, traumatic sexualisation may produce concerns about
a homosexual identity in a young male molested by an adult male; sexual dysfunctions;
overall confusion about sexual matters; and interpersonal relationship problems.
Homosexual
'identity'
It is clear from what has already been said that Mike and Stephen
were confused about their sexual identity in response to their abuse. When boys
are sexually abused by other males, fears about homosexuality are common. The
experience of a homosexual act contradicts the child's understanding of sexual
relationships. A victim may worry that he is homosexual; that there must have
been something about him that was recognizably homosexual for him to have been
singled out by another male.
In seeking an explanation for why he was selected,
self-blame and guilt are common responses. A male may attribute his selection
to a particular aspect of his appearance, his speech, his clothing or any other
personal characteristic that might be perceived as effeminate and to have contributed
to the assault. Through perceiving himself in this way the male victim may blame
himself for having attracted the abuser. If he does not actively resist the molestation
this may be taken as further proof of his lack of masculinity. He may be sexually
aroused which creates further conflict in his sense of sexual identity and he
may define himself as homosexual.
He may fear that the abuse
experience will make him homosexual and that others will think he is homosexual.
Not only do male victims worry about these issues, but their parents and others
related to the victim may also be affected by these fears. Parents of molested
boys frequently asked about the possibility of this outcome.
Identity
Confusion
The more closely the victim is psychologically identified with
the perpetrator, the more intense and exacerbated are his sexual identity issues.
Significant males, such as fathers and father figures, play a large part in the
formation of the psychosocial identity of young males. When sexual abuse occurs
between a boy and a psychologically close male, the victim is likely to be left
with a confusion about his sense of self-identity as related to his identity struggles
with the offender.
This struggle may be conscious, causing severe distress and
confusion, or unconscious and therefore integrated into the self-identity; the
victim becomes psychologically identified with the aggressor. Such internalized
messages as 'Like father, like son' and 'I am my father's son' may contribute
to these sexual identity confusions.
In this situation a child
will make the psychological adjustments that lead them to believe that the abuse
is a consensual act. Neither Stephen nor Mike was in a position to consent - or
to refuse their consent. Consent requires that the person is fully informed about
the nature of what they are consenting to. As children they were not in a position
to understand such information even if it was offered, and of course it wasn't
- any discussion about sex was taboo within their home. Consent also requires
that the person is able to refuse; as children and adolescents neither of them
was in the position to refuse. The inequality of power and dependency in the relationship
negated any possibility of refusal.
Most people understand
that a small child is not in a position to say no when an adult abuses them. What
is harder for us to understand - and this was very true for Stephen and Mike themselves
- is why, as young men of 16, 17 and 18, they were not able to say no. The fact
that the abuse had continued into late adolescence and young adulthood was a source
of deep shame for both men; it also reinforced their view of the behaviour as
homosexual.
Stephen hid the fact that he was 18 when it stopped even after he
had overcome the shame of admitting his victimization: 'Mike and I tell each other
what happened to us. BUT I don't tell him how old I was when it finished.' It
was nearly two weeks' later that he was able to admit this to his brother - even
knowing that Mike had been 18 when he had stopped his own abuse.
Effects
on Sexual Development
What neither of them was able to recognize was that
children who are sexualized at such an early age are traumatically stuck in the
addiction created by the arousal that overwhelms them and does not allow them
to move on. It is often very hard for adults working through their abuse to admit
to having been aroused and there is often judgment for those that do.
When Stephen
told his mother he had enjoyed it at the time, she reacted badly - making him
feel guilty and responsible. The word 'enjoyment' is often confused with 'arousal'.
What children feels is arousal and not pleasure. Arousal is a healthy and normal
response to being sexually stimulated - it is important to separate out these
two words if the adult is to be helped to reclaim his rightful ownership of his
sexual feelings. Ejaculation is also confused with orgasm; ejaculation is a physical
outcome of sexual stimulation, while orgasm is how the person feels emotionally.
It is possible to have one without the other (Zilbergeld 1995).
This
confusion is clear when Mike writes in his letter to his grandfather: 'Of course
I enjoyed it - you'd been training my sexual responses since I was practically
a toddler.' The child is trained by the adult to behave sexually - much as a dog
can be trained to perform tricks. Mike recognizes this too: 'How did you get me
to do it to you-I really don't remember - it was always there; just a learned
response I suppose, like Pavlov's dogs.'
Once the child reaches
puberty and can ejaculate, the experience takes on a whole new meaning. The powerful
physical sensations during ejaculation fix the addiction in a way that traps him.
Stephen recognizes something of the trap he is in: 'I can't break the habit of
ejaculating with you. WHY, OH WHY, OH WHY?'
The abuse is like
a drug - the addiction is every bit as powerful and we would not expect an 18
year old to walk away from heroin or cocaine, having been addicted from early
childhood. Why then should we expect someone who has been sexually addicted to
walk away from the abuse before they were able to recognize and meet the underlying
need for attention, affection, privileges and gifts - the rewards that are received
in return for sexual favours?
Mike displays the addict's response of self-disgust
after the craving has been met - the cost of short-term gratification is a growing
long-term loss of self-esteem. The physical need for arousal that has been engendered
in the child is also part of the addiction; so like drug addiction, there are
both physical and social aspects of the addiction of sexual abuse.
Even
his physical response is marred by its addictive quality. Addictive sex brings
no sense of satisfaction. The boy becomes aroused by stimulation; arousal is followed
by ejaculation but this is not followed by resolution as in the normal sexual
response pattern. There is no relaxation but rather a sense of frustration that
takes the boy back to the beginning; to the craving for a new arousal - hence
the fruitless search for more that drives the boy back again into the addictive
behaviour: 'I remember telling you how odd and shameful I felt after ejaculating,
ha! And asking if you felt the same- no you didn't really understand did you?'
Research
into sexual compulsiveness or addiction described by Hunter (1990) shows that
37.1 per cent of men and 65.2 per cent of women members of Sex Addicts Anonymous
reported that they were sexually abused as children. Many other compulsions are
also noted as well as sexual addiction; compulsive eating, drug and alcohol abuse
are among those often noted. In Hunter (1995) useful innovations are described
for the treatment of compulsions and addictive behaviours manifest as outcomes
of childhood sexual abuse.
Compulsive masturbation can become
a way of re-enacting the abuse - not by abusing others but by abusing themselves.
The re-enactment is of the victim role but this time the abuser is also the victim.
Raine (1999, p.193) explains: 'Reenactments are emotionally driven attempts to
master the overwhelming too-muchness of the traumatic experience. The compulsion
to re-live is an attempt to master the terror, helplessness, and rage of "mortal
danger".'
- Etherington, Kim, Narrative Approaches to Working with Adult
Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse, Jessica Kingsley Publishers London, 2000.
Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking
of Minors in the United States
- IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). 2013. Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
================================= Personal
Reflection Exercise #9
The preceding section contained information
about traumatic sexualization. Write three case study examples regarding how you
might use the content of this section in your practice.
Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Sætren, S. S., Augusti, E.-M., & Hafstad, G. S. (2021). Affective inhibitory control and risk for internalizing problems in adolescents exposed to child maltreatment: A population-based study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(2), 113–125.
Shevlin, M., Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Murphy, J., & Hyland, P. (2018). Typologies of child sexual abuse: An analysis of multiple abuse acts among a large sample of Danish treatment-seeking survivors of childhood sexual abuse.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 263–269.
Skowronski, M., Busching, R., & Krahé, B. (2021). Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications.
Skowronski, M., Busching, R., & Krahé, B. (2021). Women’s exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery: The role of age. Psychology of Popular Media.
Sousa, C., Mason, W. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Prince, D., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of child abuse and environmental stress: A lifecourse perspective on adversity and depressive symptoms.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(2), 180–188.
QUESTION
23 The more closely the victim is psychologically identified with the
perpetrator, the more intense and exacerbated are his what? Record the letter
of the correct answer the Test
